Clinical Medicine

Clinical Medicine Glossary

Every term used across all Clinical Medicine songs, defined and alphabetized. Search it, or jump by letter.

443 terms

A

AAA screening
One-time ultrasound in men 65–75 who ever smoked.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Often asymptomatic; pulsatile mass; rupture → hypotension and pain.1. Cardiovascular System
Absolute risk reduction (ARR)
Control event rate − treatment event rate.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
ACE inhibitors
Block angiotensin II formation → cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, teratogenic; avoid in pregnancy and bilateral renal artery stenosis.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Achalasia
Failed LES relaxation; dysphagia to solids/liquids; bird-beak on barium.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
ACL tear
Pivot injury; positive Lachman.9. Musculoskeletal System
ACLS essentials
Recognize shockable (VF/pulseless VT) vs. non-shockable (asystole/PEA); high-quality CPR, epinephrine, reversible causes (Hs and Ts).21. Emergency / Acute Care
Acne vulgaris
Comedones, papules, pustules from follicular plugging and Cutibacterium acnes; treat with topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, isotretinoin.2. Dermatologic System
Acromegaly
GH excess in adults; enlarged hands, jaw, features.3. Endocrine System
Actinic keratosis
Rough, scaly precancerous lesion from sun damage.2. Dermatologic System
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Spectrum of unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI caused by acute plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis; presents with chest pain, ECG changes, and (in MI) troponin elevation.1. Cardiovascular System
Acute kidney injury
Abrupt GFR decline; prerenal, intrinsic (ATN), postrenal.13. Renal System
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Bilateral infiltrates, refractory hypoxemia.12. Pulmonary System
Acute stroke
Time-critical; noncontrast CT to exclude bleed; tPA/thrombectomy within window.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Acute tubular necrosis
Ischemic/toxic tubular injury; muddy brown casts.13. Renal System
Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
Cortisol/aldosterone deficiency; fatigue, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia.3. Endocrine System
ADHD
Inattention/hyperactivity; onset in childhood.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Adrenal crisis
Acute cortisol deficiency; hypotension; treat with hydrocortisone.3. Endocrine System
Advance directives
Living will and durable power of attorney guide care when capacity is lost.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Alcohol withdrawal
Tremor, seizures, delirium tremens; benzodiazepines.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Allergic rhinitis
IgE-mediated nasal congestion, sneezing, itch.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Alzheimer disease
Progressive memory loss; most common dementia.10. Neurologic System
Aminoglycosides
30S inhibition → nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity; monitor levels.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Combined upper and lower motor neuron degeneration.10. Neurologic System
Anal fissure
Painful tear; hematochezia with defecation.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Anaphylaxis
Rapid multisystem IgE reaction; IM epinephrine first-line, then airway support, antihistamines, steroids.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Anemia of chronic disease
Normo/microcytic; high ferritin, low TIBC.7. Hematologic System
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory back pain; HLA-B27; bamboo spine.9. Musculoskeletal System
Anticoagulants
Warfarin (INR), heparin (aPTT), DOACs.7. Hematologic System
Antimicrobial stewardship
Appropriate antibiotic selection to limit resistance.8. Infectious Diseases
Aortic dissection
Tearing chest/back pain, pulse/BP differential; type A → surgery, type B → medical.1. Cardiovascular System
Aortic regurgitation
Early diastolic decrescendo murmur, wide pulse pressure, water-hammer pulse.1. Cardiovascular System
Aortic stenosis
Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to carotids; syncope, angina, dyspnea.1. Cardiovascular System
Aphthous ulcers
Painful oral canker sores.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Aplastic anemia
Pancytopenia from marrow failure.7. Hematologic System
Appendicitis
Periumbilical → RLQ pain, McBurney point tenderness, rebound.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Apple-core (napkin-ring) lesion
Annular constricting filling defect on barium/CT → colorectal carcinoma.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
ARBs
Angiotensin II receptor blockade → similar to ACEi without cough; hyperkalemia.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Asthma
Reversible airflow obstruction; wheezing; SABA/ICS management.12. Pulmonary System
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Pruritic, flexural, chronic relapsing rash; part of atopic triad.2. Dermatologic System
Atrial fibrillation
Irregularly irregular rhythm with no discrete P waves; manage rate/rhythm and anticoagulation per CHA₂DS₂-VASc.1. Cardiovascular System
Atrial flutter
Sawtooth flutter waves, typically ~300 atrial rate with variable block.1. Cardiovascular System
Auspitz sign
Pinpoint bleeding on scale removal → psoriasis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Autism spectrum disorder
Social communication deficits, restricted behaviors.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Autonomy
Patient's right to make informed decisions about their own care.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics

B

B12/folate deficiency
Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia.7. Hematologic System
Barrett esophagus
Intestinal metaplasia of distal esophagus; adenocarcinoma risk.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Basal cell carcinoma
Pearly papule with telangiectasias; most common skin cancer; rarely metastasizes.2. Dermatologic System
Beck triad
Hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds → cardiac tamponade.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Behavioral counseling
Tobacco cessation, alcohol misuse (screen with validated tools), depression screening in adults.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Bell palsy
Idiopathic unilateral facial nerve palsy (includes forehead).10. Neurologic System
Beneficence / nonmaleficence
Act in patient's benefit / avoid harm.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
Brief positional vertigo; Dix-Hallpike; treat with Epley.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Obstructive urinary symptoms in older men; alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.6. Genitourinary System
Beta-blockers
β-adrenergic blockade → bradycardia, fatigue, bronchospasm (nonselective); mask hypoglycemia symptoms.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Bilateral hilar adenopathy
Sarcoidosis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Bipolar disorder
Mania (bipolar I) or hypomania (bipolar II) with depressive episodes.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Bird-beak sign
Tapered distal esophagus on barium → achalasia.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Bladder cancer
Painless hematuria; smoking risk.6. Genitourinary System
Blepharitis
Eyelid margin inflammation.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
BNP / NT-proBNP
Natriuretic peptide elevated in ventricular wall stress; used to diagnose/monitor heart failure.1. Cardiovascular System
Boas sign
Referred right subscapular/shoulder pain → cholecystitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Boot-shaped heart
Tetralogy of Fallot.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Breast cancer
Mass, screening mammography; BRCA risk.14. Reproductive System
Breast cancer screening
Mammography; USPSTF recommends biennial starting age 40.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Bronchiolitis
RSV infant lower airway infection.12. Pulmonary System
Bronchiolitis
RSV; wheezing/crackles in infants; supportive care.16. Pediatrics
Bronchitis (acute)
Usually viral cough illness.12. Pulmonary System
Brudzinski sign
Involuntary hip/knee flexion on neck flexion → meningeal irritation.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Bullous pemphigoid
Tense bullae, negative Nikolsky; elderly.2. Dermatologic System

C

C. difficile colitis
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea; toxin-mediated.8. Infectious Diseases
Calcium channel blockers
Dihydropyridines (amlodipine) → peripheral edema; non-DHP (verapamil/diltiazem) → bradycardia, constipation.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Candidiasis
Yeast infection in moist areas; satellite lesions.2. Dermatologic System
Candidiasis / systemic fungal infections
Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces.8. Infectious Diseases
Cardiac tamponade
Pericardial fluid impairing filling; Beck triad (hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds), pulsus paradoxus.1. Cardiovascular System
Cardiogenic shock
Pump failure → cool, clammy, elevated filling pressures; inotropes/revascularization.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve compression; nocturnal paresthesias; Tinel/Phalen.9. Musculoskeletal System
Cataract
Lens opacification; gradual painless vision loss.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Celiac disease
Gluten-triggered autoimmune enteropathy; anti-tTG; villous atrophy.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Cellulitis
Warm, erythematous, tender skin infection; usually Streptococcus/Staphylococcus.2. Dermatologic System
Central retinal artery occlusion
Sudden painless monocular vision loss; cherry-red spot.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Cervical cancer
HPV-related; screen with Pap/HPV testing.14. Reproductive System
Cervical cancer screening
Cytology q3y ages 21–29; cytology + HPV co-testing or HPV alone q5y ages 30–65.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Chalazion
Painless chronic meibomian gland granuloma.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Charcot triad
Fever, jaundice, RUQ pain → ascending cholangitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Cherry-red spot
Central retinal artery occlusion (also Tay-Sachs).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Child abuse red flags
Injuries inconsistent with history/development, posterior rib fractures, retinal hemorrhages (abusive head trauma), immersion burns; mandatory reporting.16. Pediatrics
Cholecystitis
Gallbladder inflammation; Murphy sign.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Choledocholithiasis / cholangitis
CBD stone; Charcot triad (fever, jaundice, RUQ pain).5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones; biliary colic.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Cholesteatoma
Keratinized debris in middle ear; can erode bone.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Chronic kidney disease
Progressive GFR decline ≥3 months; staged by eGFR.13. Renal System
Chvostek / Trousseau signs
Facial twitch on tapping / carpal spasm with BP cuff → hypocalcemia.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Cirrhosis
Fibrotic liver; portal hypertension, ascites, varices, encephalopathy.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Cluster headache
Severe unilateral periorbital pain with autonomic signs.10. Neurologic System
Coffee-bean / kidney-bean sign
Distended loop → sigmoid volvulus.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Colorectal cancer
Screen at 45; iron-deficiency anemia, change in bowel habits.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Colorectal cancer screening
Begin age 45 (average risk); colonoscopy q10y or stool-based testing.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Compartment syndrome
Pain out of proportion, paresthesia; surgical emergency.9. Musculoskeletal System
Concussion / TBI
Traumatic brain injury; symptom-based diagnosis.10. Neurologic System
Confidentiality / HIPAA
Protect health information; exceptions include reportable diseases, duty to warn, abuse, imminent harm.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Congenital heart disease
VSD most common overall; ToF most common cyanotic; screen with pulse oximetry.16. Pediatrics
Conjunctivitis
Bacterial (purulent), viral (watery, contagious), or allergic (itchy, bilateral).4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Contact dermatitis
Localized eczematous reaction (allergic or irritant) to exposure.2. Dermatologic System
Contraception
Hormonal, IUD, barrier methods.14. Reproductive System
COPD
Chronic airflow limitation; smoking; bronchodilators.12. Pulmonary System
Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory → hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, adrenal suppression with abrupt withdrawal.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Courvoisier sign
Palpable, nontender gallbladder with painless jaundice → malignant biliary/pancreatic head obstruction rather than stones.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Crohn disease
Transmural, skip lesions, anywhere mouth-to-anus; fistulas, granulomas.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Croup
Parainfluenza; barking cough, steeple sign.12. Pulmonary System
Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
Parainfluenza; barking cough, inspiratory stridor, steeple sign; treat with dexamethasone ± nebulized epinephrine.16. Pediatrics
Cullen sign
Periumbilical ecchymosis → retroperitoneal/hemorrhagic pancreatitis (also ruptured ectopic).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Cushing syndrome
Cortisol excess; central obesity, striae, moon facies, hyperglycemia.3. Endocrine System
Cushing triad
Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations → raised intracranial pressure.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Cystic fibrosis
CFTR mutation; thick secretions, recurrent infections.12. Pulmonary System
Cystic fibrosis
CFTR mutation; meconium ileus, failure to thrive, recurrent pulmonary infections; sweat chloride test.16. Pediatrics

D

Decision-making capacity
Ability to understand, appreciate, reason, and communicate a choice; task- and time-specific (vs. legal "competence").20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Deep vein thrombosis
Unilateral leg swelling/pain; risk per Wells score; anticoagulate.1. Cardiovascular System
Delirium
Acute fluctuating confusion; reversible.10. Neurologic System
Developmental milestones
Social smile ~2 mo; sits unsupported ~6 mo; walks ~12 mo; two-word phrases ~24 mo; red flag = loss of milestones.16. Pediatrics
Diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency (central) or resistance (nephrogenic); polyuria, dilute urine.3. Endocrine System
Diabetes screening
Adults 35–70 with overweight/obesity.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperglycemia, anion-gap metabolic acidosis, ketosis; treat with fluids, insulin, potassium.3. Endocrine System
Diabetic retinopathy
Microaneurysms, hemorrhages, neovascularization.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
DIC
Widespread clotting and bleeding; low platelets/fibrinogen, high D-dimer.7. Hematologic System
Digoxin
Na/K-ATPase inhibition → narrow therapeutic index; nausea, visual changes, arrhythmia; worsened by hypokalemia.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction; causes include ischemia, alcohol, viral myocarditis, peripartum.1. Cardiovascular System
Distributive shock
Vasodilation (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) → warm early; vasopressors after fluids.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Diverticulitis
Inflamed colonic diverticula; LLQ pain, fever.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
DOACs
Direct factor Xa (apixaban, rivaroxaban) or thrombin (dabigatran) inhibition → less monitoring; renal dosing.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Double-bubble sign
Two gas-filled bubbles (stomach + duodenum) → duodenal atresia (associated with Down syndrome).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Drop-arm test
Inability to lower arm smoothly → rotator cuff (supraspinatus) tear.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers

E

Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation outside uterus; abdominal pain, bleeding; emergency.14. Reproductive System
Egg-on-a-string heart
Transposition of the great arteries.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Emancipated / mature minors
Minors who may consent (pregnancy, STI, substance care varies by state).20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Endometrial cancer
Postmenopausal bleeding; estrogen excess.14. Reproductive System
Endometriosis
Ectopic endometrial tissue; dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility.14. Reproductive System
Epididymitis
Gradual scrotal pain; Prehn sign relief with elevation.6. Genitourinary System
Epiglottitis
Rapid-onset stridor, drooling, tripod position; airway emergency.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Epiglottitis
H. influenzae type b (less common post-vaccine); tripod position, drooling, thumbprint sign; secure airway.16. Pediatrics
Epistaxis
Nosebleed; usually anterior (Kiesselbach plexus).4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Erectile dysfunction
Inability to attain/maintain erection; vascular, neuro, or psychogenic.6. Genitourinary System
Error disclosure
Honest, timely disclosure of medical errors to patients.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Erysipelas
Sharply demarcated superficial cellulitis, often facial; group A strep.2. Dermatologic System
Erythema multiforme
Target lesions, often post-infectious (HSV).2. Dermatologic System
Esophageal varices
Portal hypertension collaterals; risk of massive bleeding.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Essential tremor
Action tremor; improves with alcohol/beta-blockers.10. Neurologic System

F

FABER (Patrick) test
Hip or sacroiliac joint pathology.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Febrile seizure
Generalized seizure with fever, ages 6 months–5 years; simple (brief, single, generalized) is benign; reassurance and antipyretics.16. Pediatrics
Fibrocystic breast changes
Benign nodularity.14. Reproductive System
Fibromyalgia
Widespread pain, fatigue, tender points; no inflammation.9. Musculoskeletal System
First-degree AV block
Prolonged PR >200 ms; benign.1. Cardiovascular System
Fluoroquinolones
DNA gyrase inhibition → tendon rupture, QT prolongation, C. diff.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Foreign body aspiration
Sudden choking; unilateral findings.12. Pulmonary System
Fracture types
Open, closed, comminuted, greenstick, Salter-Harris (pediatric growth plate).9. Musculoskeletal System

G

G6PD deficiency
Oxidative hemolysis; bite/Heinz cells; triggered by drugs/infection/fava beans.7. Hematologic System
Gastritis
Gastric mucosal inflammation.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Gastroenteritis
Infectious diarrhea/vomiting.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Generalized anxiety disorder
Excessive worry ≥6 months.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Generalized/social/specific phobias
Excessive fear responses.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
GERD
Retrosternal burning, regurgitation; treat with PPIs; risk of Barrett esophagus.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Gestational diabetes
Glucose intolerance in pregnancy.14. Reproductive System
Glaucoma
Optic neuropathy with increased IOP; open-angle (gradual) vs. acute angle-closure (painful, emergency).4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Glomerulonephritis
Post-streptococcal, IgA nephropathy, others.13. Renal System
Gonorrhea / Chlamydia
STIs; urethritis, cervicitis; PID risk.8. Infectious Diseases
Gout
Monosodium urate crystals; negatively birefringent; podagra.9. Musculoskeletal System
Grey Turner sign
Flank ecchymosis → hemorrhagic pancreatitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Ground-glass opacities
Atypical/viral pneumonia, ARDS, PJP.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Ascending paralysis post-infection; albuminocytologic dissociation.10. Neurologic System

H

HbA1c
3-month average glycemia; diabetes ≥6.5%.3. Endocrine System
Heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF)
Diastolic dysfunction with normal EF; managed with diuretics for congestion, SGLT2 inhibitors, and comorbidity control.1. Cardiovascular System
Heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF)
Systolic dysfunction, EF <40%; guideline therapy includes ARNI/ACEi/ARB, beta-blocker, MRA, SGLT2 inhibitor.1. Cardiovascular System
Hemochromatosis
Iron overload; "bronze diabetes," cirrhosis.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Hemochromatosis
See GI; iron overload.7. Hematologic System
Hemolytic anemia
Increased destruction; elevated LDH, indirect bilirubin, low haptoglobin.7. Hematologic System
Hemophilia A/B
X-linked factor VIII/IX deficiency; hemarthrosis.7. Hematologic System
Hemorrhagic stroke
Bleed; sudden severe headache; avoid thrombolytics.10. Neurologic System
Hemorrhoids
Dilated anal veins; internal (painless bleeding) vs. external (painful).5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Heparin (unfractionated)
Antithrombin activation → monitor aPTT; risk of HIT; reverse with protamine.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Hepatitis A/B/C
Viral liver infection; A fecal-oral, B/C bloodborne; C chronic.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Herpes simplex
Grouped vesicles on erythematous base; Tzanck smear.2. Dermatologic System
Herpes zoster
VZV reactivation.8. Infectious Diseases
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Dermatomal painful vesicular rash from VZV reactivation.2. Dermatologic System
HIV/AIDS
CD4 decline; opportunistic infections at CD4 <200.8. Infectious Diseases
Honeycombing
Reticular subpleural cysts on HRCT → pulmonary fibrosis/UIP.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Hordeolum (stye)
Acute painful eyelid gland infection.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Hydrocele
Fluid collection; transilluminates.6. Genitourinary System
Hyperkalemia
Peaked T waves; emergency treatment with calcium, insulin/glucose.13. Renal System
Hypernatremia
Usually water deficit.13. Renal System
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
Severe hyperglycemia, marked hyperosmolarity, minimal ketosis; profound dehydration.3. Endocrine System
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia; "stones, bones, groans, psychiatric moans."3. Endocrine System
Hypertension
BP ≥130/80 (stage 1); lifestyle plus thiazide, ACEi/ARB, or CCB.1. Cardiovascular System
Hypertensive emergency
Severe BP with end-organ damage; controlled IV BP reduction.1. Cardiovascular System
Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss, heat intolerance, tremor; low TSH; Graves most common (TSI antibodies, exophthalmos).3. Endocrine System
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Asymmetric septal hypertrophy; harsh systolic murmur that increases with Valsalva/standing; common cause of sudden death in young athletes.1. Cardiovascular System
Hypoglycemia
Whipple triad; treat with glucose.3. Endocrine System
Hypokalemia
U waves; arrhythmia risk.13. Renal System
Hyponatremia
Assess volume status; correct slowly (osmotic demyelination risk).13. Renal System
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia; Chvostek and Trousseau signs.3. Endocrine System
Hypothyroidism
Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance; high TSH, low T4; Hashimoto most common.3. Endocrine System
Hypovolemic shock
Volume loss → tachycardia, hypotension; fluids/blood.21. Emergency / Acute Care

I

Ileus
Non-mechanical hypomotility; absent bowel sounds.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Immunizations
Follow current-year ACIP schedule; adult examples include Tdap/Td, influenza annually, COVID-19, pneumococcal (≥65 or high risk), zoster (≥50), HPV (through 26, shared decision to 45).18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Impetigo
Honey-crusted lesions; staph/strep; common in children.2. Dermatologic System
Incontinence
Stress, urge, overflow, or functional types.6. Genitourinary System
Infectious mononucleosis
EBV; fatigue, pharyngitis, splenomegaly, atypical lymphocytes.8. Infectious Diseases
Infective endocarditis
Valve infection; fever, new murmur, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, Roth spots; Duke criteria.1. Cardiovascular System
Influenza
Abrupt fever, myalgia, cough; oseltamivir if early.8. Infectious Diseases
Informed consent
Disclosure of diagnosis, risks, benefits, alternatives, and right to refuse; requires decision-making capacity.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Interstitial lung disease / pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive pattern, honeycombing.12. Pulmonary System
Intussusception
Telescoping bowel (classically ileocolic) in infants/toddlers; colicky pain, "currant-jelly" stool, sausage-shaped RUQ mass, target sign on US; air/contrast enema is diagnostic and often therapeutic.16. Pediatrics
Iron deficiency anemia
Microcytic, hypochromic; low ferritin; most common anemia.7. Hematologic System
Irritable bowel syndrome
Functional abdominal pain with altered bowels; Rome criteria.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Ischemic stroke
Focal deficit from vessel occlusion; tPA if within window.10. Neurologic System
Isotretinoin
Severe acne → highly teratogenic (iPLEDGE), dyslipidemia, mood changes.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
ITP
Immune platelet destruction; isolated low platelets.7. Hematologic System

J

Janeway lesions / Osler nodes / Roth spots
Infective endocarditis (Janeway painless, Osler painful, Roth retinal).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Justice
Fair distribution of resources and care.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics

K

Kawasaki disease
Fever ≥5 days plus conjunctivitis, mucositis (strawberry tongue, cracked lips), rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy; risk of coronary artery aneurysms; treat with IVIG + aspirin.16. Pediatrics
Kernig sign
Pain/resistance on knee extension with hip flexed → meningeal irritation.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Kussmaul sign
Rise in JVP on inspiration → constrictive pericarditis/RV failure.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Kwashiorkor / marasmus
Protein vs. total calorie malnutrition.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition

L

Lachman / anterior drawer
Anterior tibial translation → ACL tear.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Lactose intolerance
Enzyme deficiency; bloating, diarrhea with dairy.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Laryngitis
Hoarseness from vocal cord inflammation.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Leser-Trélat sign
Sudden eruptive seborrheic keratoses → internal malignancy (paraneoplastic).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Leukemia
ALL (children), AML, CLL (older adults), CML (Philadelphia chromosome).7. Hematologic System
Likelihood ratio negative (LR−)
(1 − sensitivity) / specificity; LR− <0.1 substantially lowers post-test probability.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Likelihood ratio positive (LR+)
Sensitivity / (1 − specificity); LR+ >10 substantially raises post-test probability.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Lipid screening
Assess ASCVD risk; statin per pooled cohort risk.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Loop diuretics
Inhibit Na-K-2Cl in loop of Henle → hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hypocalcemia.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Low back pain
Mechanical most common; red flags for cauda equina/malignancy.9. Musculoskeletal System
Lung cancer
Small cell vs. non-small cell; smoking; screen with low-dose CT.12. Pulmonary System
Lung cancer screening
Annual low-dose CT ages 50–80 with ≥20 pack-year history, current smoker or quit within 15 years.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Lyme disease
Borrelia; erythema migrans; later arthritis, carditis, neuro.8. Infectious Diseases
Lymphoma
Hodgkin (Reed-Sternberg cells) vs. non-Hodgkin.7. Hematologic System

M

Macular degeneration
Central vision loss; dry (drusen) vs. wet (neovascular).4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Major depressive disorder
≥2 weeks depressed mood/anhedonia plus neurovegetative symptoms (SIGECAPS).11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Malaria
Plasmodium; cyclic fevers.8. Infectious Diseases
Mallory-Weiss tear
Mucosal tear from retching; hematemesis.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Mandatory reporting
Suspected child/elder abuse, certain communicable diseases, specific injuries.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Massive hemorrhage
Direct pressure/tourniquet, balanced transfusion, tranexamic acid.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Mastitis
Lactational breast infection.14. Reproductive System
McBurney point tenderness
Tenderness 1/3 from ASIS to umbilicus → appendicitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
McMurray test
Pain/click with rotation of flexed knee → meniscal tear.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Melanoma
Malignant melanocyte tumor; ABCDE criteria; depth (Breslow) drives prognosis.2. Dermatologic System
Melasma
Hyperpigmented facial patches; hormonal/UV related.2. Dermatologic System
Meningitis
Bacterial (emergency) vs. viral; fever, neck stiffness, photophobia.8. Infectious Diseases
Meningitis / encephalitis
CNS infection.10. Neurologic System
Meniscal tear
Knee locking/clicking; McMurray.9. Musculoskeletal System
Menopause
Cessation of menses; hot flashes, vaginal atrophy.14. Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding.14. Reproductive System
Metabolic acidosis
Anion gap (MUDPILES) vs. non-gap.13. Renal System
Metabolic alkalosis
Often vomiting/diuretics.13. Renal System
Metabolic syndrome
Cluster of central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia.3. Endocrine System
Metformin
Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis → GI upset, B12 deficiency; hold with contrast/renal impairment (lactic acidosis risk).17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Migraine
Unilateral throbbing headache with photophobia/aura.10. Neurologic System
Mitral regurgitation
Holosystolic murmur radiating to axilla.1. Cardiovascular System
Mitral stenosis
Diastolic rumble with opening snap; often rheumatic.1. Cardiovascular System
Mitral valve prolapse
Mid-systolic click with late systolic murmur.1. Cardiovascular System
Mobitz I (Wenckebach)
Progressive PR lengthening until a dropped beat; usually benign.1. Cardiovascular System
Mobitz II
Constant PR with sudden dropped QRS; risk of progression to complete block → pacemaker.1. Cardiovascular System
Multiple myeloma
Plasma cell malignancy; CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal, anemia, bone lesions), M protein.7. Hematologic System
Multiple sclerosis
Demyelination; relapsing neuro deficits; optic neuritis.10. Neurologic System
Murphy sign
Inspiratory arrest on RUQ palpation → acute cholecystitis (high specificity, LR+ ~11–21).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Myasthenia gravis
Fatigable weakness; anti-AChR antibodies; ptosis, diplopia.10. Neurologic System
Myxedema coma
Severe decompensated hypothyroidism; hypothermia, altered mental status.3. Endocrine System
Ménière disease
Vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, ear fullness.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat

N

Necrotizing fasciitis
Rapidly spreading deep infection, pain out of proportion, crepitus; surgical emergency.2. Dermatologic System
Negative predictive value (NPV)
Probability disease is absent given a negative test; decreases with prevalence.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Neonatal jaundice
Physiologic (after 24 h) vs. pathologic (<24 h, or conjugated); kernicterus risk from unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; phototherapy.16. Pediatrics
Nephritic syndrome
Hematuria, RBC casts, hypertension, mild proteinuria.13. Renal System
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones; colicky flank pain, hematuria; calcium oxalate most common.6. Genitourinary System
Nephrotic syndrome
Proteinuria >3.5 g, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia.13. Renal System
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Rigidity, fever, autonomic instability from antipsychotics.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Nikolsky sign
Epidermal shear with lateral pressure → pemphigus vulgaris, SJS/TEN.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Gait disturbance, incontinence, dementia.10. Neurologic System
NSTEMI
Subendocardial infarct with positive troponins but without ST elevation (may show ST depression/T-wave inversion).1. Cardiovascular System
Number needed to treat (NNT)
1 / ARR; patients treated to prevent one outcome.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics

O

Obstructive shock
Mechanical (tamponade, tension pneumothorax, massive PE) → relieve the obstruction.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Obstructive sleep apnea
Repeated airway collapse; daytime somnolence.12. Pulmonary System
Obturator sign
RLQ pain on internal hip rotation → pelvic appendicitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
OCD
Obsessions and compulsions.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Odds ratio (OR)
Odds of exposure in cases vs. controls (case-control studies).19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Opioids
Mu-receptor agonism → respiratory depression, constipation, dependence; reverse with naloxone.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Oral candidiasis (thrush)
White plaques that scrape off.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Orbital cellulitis
Infection posterior to septum; pain with eye movement, proptosis; emergency.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Orthostatic hypotension
Drop ≥20 systolic/10 diastolic on standing.1. Cardiovascular System
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative "wear and tear"; Heberden/Bouchard nodes; worse with activity.9. Musculoskeletal System
Osteomalacia
Defective mineralization; vitamin D deficiency.9. Musculoskeletal System
Osteomyelitis
Bone infection; S. aureus.8. Infectious Diseases
Osteoporosis
Low bone density; fragility fractures; DEXA T-score ≤ -2.5.9. Musculoskeletal System
Osteoporosis screening
DEXA in women ≥65 (or younger if elevated risk).18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Otitis externa
"Swimmer's ear"; pain with tragus manipulation; Pseudomonas.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Otitis media
Middle ear infection; bulging erythematous TM; common in children.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Otitis media
Peak in young children; bulging TM; amoxicillin first-line.16. Pediatrics
Ovarian cancer
Vague symptoms; CA-125.14. Reproductive System
Ovarian cyst / torsion
Adnexal pain; torsion is emergency.14. Reproductive System

P

p-value / confidence interval
Probability of results by chance; CI crossing 1 (ratios) or 0 (differences) = not significant.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Pancreatitis
Epigastric pain radiating to back; elevated lipase; gallstones/alcohol.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Panic disorder
Recurrent panic attacks with anticipatory anxiety.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Parkinson disease
Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability; dopamine loss.10. Neurologic System
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ascending STI; cervical motion tenderness.14. Reproductive System
Pemphigus vulgaris
Flaccid bullae, positive Nikolsky; anti-desmoglein.2. Dermatologic System
Peptic ulcer disease
Gastric/duodenal ulcers from H. pylori or NSAIDs.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Pericarditis
Pleuritic chest pain relieved by leaning forward, friction rub, diffuse ST elevation and PR depression.1. Cardiovascular System
Peripheral arterial disease
Intermittent claudication, decreased ABI (<0.9).1. Cardiovascular System
Peripheral neuropathy
Stocking-glove sensory loss; diabetes common.10. Neurologic System
Peritonsillar abscess
Uvular deviation, muffled "hot potato" voice, trismus.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Personality disorders
Enduring maladaptive patterns (e.g., borderline, antisocial).11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Pertussis
"Whooping cough"; paroxysmal cough.12. Pulmonary System
PFTs
Obstructive (low FEV1/FVC) vs. restrictive (low volumes).12. Pulmonary System
Pharyngitis
Sore throat; group A strep (Centor criteria).4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Pheochromocytoma
Catecholamine-secreting tumor; episodic HTN, headache, palpitations, diaphoresis.3. Endocrine System
Placenta previa
Painless third-trimester bleeding.14. Reproductive System
Placental abruption
Painful bleeding, rigid uterus.14. Reproductive System
Pleural effusion
Fluid in pleural space; transudate vs. exudate (Light criteria).12. Pulmonary System
Pneumonia
Lung infection; consolidation, fever, productive cough; CAP vs. HAP.12. Pulmonary System
Pneumothorax
Air in pleural space; sudden dyspnea; tension is emergency.12. Pulmonary System
Polycystic kidney disease
Cysts, hypertension, hematuria; autosomal dominant.13. Renal System
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hyperandrogenism, oligo-ovulation, cysts; insulin resistance.14. Reproductive System
Polycythemia vera
Elevated RBC mass; JAK2 mutation; thrombosis risk.7. Hematologic System
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Proximal stiffness in elderly; elevated ESR; associated with giant cell arteritis.9. Musculoskeletal System
Positive predictive value (PPV)
Probability disease is present given a positive test; increases with disease prevalence.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Preconception care
Folic acid supplementation, rubella/varicella immunity, chronic disease optimization.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Preeclampsia / eclampsia
HTN with proteinuria after 20 weeks; seizures in eclampsia; magnesium.14. Reproductive System
Pregnancy diagnosis
Positive beta-hCG; dating by LMP/ultrasound.14. Reproductive System
Pretest → post-test probability
Prevalence (pretest) modified by likelihood ratio yields post-test probability; the core of Bayesian diagnostic reasoning.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Prevalence vs. incidence
Existing cases at a point vs. new cases over time.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn)
HTN with hypokalemia; high aldosterone, low renin.3. Endocrine System
Primary survey (ABCDE)
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure — the sequence of trauma/critical resuscitation.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Prinzmetal (variant) angina
Coronary vasospasm causing transient ST elevation at rest; treat with calcium channel blockers and nitrates; avoid nonselective beta-blockers.1. Cardiovascular System
Prolactinoma
Elevated prolactin; galactorrhea, amenorrhea, decreased libido.3. Endocrine System
Prostate cancer
Often asymptomatic; elevated PSA; hard nodule on DRE.6. Genitourinary System
Prostatitis
Prostate inflammation/infection; pelvic pain, dysuria.6. Genitourinary System
Pseudogout (CPPD)
Calcium pyrophosphate; positively birefringent.9. Musculoskeletal System
Psoas sign
RLQ pain on hip extension → retrocecal appendicitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Psoriasis
Well-demarcated silvery-scaled plaques on extensor surfaces; Auspitz sign; nail pitting.2. Dermatologic System
PTSD
Re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal after trauma.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Pulmonary embolism
Sudden dyspnea, pleuritic pain; Wells score, CT angiography.12. Pulmonary System
Pulmonary hypertension
Elevated pulmonary pressures; right heart strain.12. Pulmonary System
Pulsus paradoxus
>10 mmHg systolic drop on inspiration → tamponade (also severe asthma/COPD).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Pyelonephritis
Upper UTI; fever, flank pain, CVA tenderness.6. Genitourinary System
Pyloric stenosis
Non-bilious projectile vomiting at 3–6 weeks; palpable "olive" epigastric mass; hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis; pyloromyotomy.16. Pediatrics

R

Relative risk (RR)
Risk in exposed / risk in unexposed (cohort studies).19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Renal artery stenosis
Secondary HTN; abdominal bruit.13. Renal System
Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
Hypoventilation vs. hyperventilation.13. Renal System
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Stiff ventricles with impaired filling; causes include amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis.1. Cardiovascular System
Retinal detachment
Floaters, flashes, curtain over vision; emergency.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Reynolds pentad
Charcot triad + hypotension + altered mental status → suppurative cholangitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Rhabdomyolysis
Muscle breakdown; elevated CK, myoglobinuria, AKI.13. Renal System
Rheumatoid arthritis
Symmetric inflammatory polyarthritis; morning stiffness; RF/anti-CCP.9. Musculoskeletal System
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia; fever, headache, rash spreading from wrists/ankles.8. Infectious Diseases
Rotator cuff injury
Shoulder pain/weakness; supraspinatus common.9. Musculoskeletal System
Rovsing sign
RLQ pain on LLQ palpation → appendicitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Rugger-jersey spine / bone lucencies
Renal osteodystrophy; punched-out lytic lesions → multiple myeloma.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers

S

Sarcoidosis
Non-caseating granulomas; bilateral hilar adenopathy.12. Pulmonary System
Schizophrenia
Psychosis ≥6 months; positive and negative symptoms.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Scoliosis
Lateral spine curvature.9. Musculoskeletal System
Scotty dog sign
Oblique lumbar spine radiograph; "collar/broken neck" on the dog → spondylolysis (pars interarticularis defect).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Seborrheic dermatitis
Greasy, scaly patches on scalp/face; Malassezia related.2. Dermatologic System
Seizure / epilepsy
Focal vs. generalized; status epilepticus is an emergency.10. Neurologic System
Sensitivity
True positives / all with disease; high sensitivity → negative result rules OUT (SnNOut).19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Sensorineural vs. conductive hearing loss
Weber/Rinne distinguish inner ear/nerve vs. mechanical.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Sepsis
Life-threatening organ dysfunction from dysregulated infection response.8. Infectious Diseases
Sepsis / septic shock
Early antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, lactate, source control; vasopressors for refractory hypotension.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Septic arthritis
Infected joint; emergency arthrocentesis.9. Musculoskeletal System
Serotonin syndrome
Autonomic instability, clonus, agitation from serotonergic excess.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Sexually transmitted infections
Also HPV, HSV, trichomoniasis.8. Infectious Diseases
SGLT2 inhibitors
Urinary glucose excretion → genital infections, euglycemic DKA; cardiorenal benefit.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
SIADH
Excess ADH; euvolemic hyponatremia, concentrated urine.3. Endocrine System
Sickle cell disease
HbS polymerization; vaso-occlusive crises, pain, infarcts.7. Hematologic System
Sinusitis
Facial pain, purulent discharge; viral most common; bacterial if >10 days or worsening.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Small bowel obstruction
Crampy pain, distention, vomiting; air-fluid levels.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Somatic symptom disorder
Excessive concern about physical symptoms.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Sonographic Murphy sign
Maximal tenderness under the ultrasound probe over the gallbladder → acute cholecystitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Specificity
True negatives / all without disease; high specificity → positive result rules IN (SpPin).19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Spontaneous abortion
Pregnancy loss <20 weeks.14. Reproductive System
Sprain vs. strain
Ligament vs. muscle/tendon injury.9. Musculoskeletal System
Squamous cell carcinoma
Scaly, ulcerated lesion; may arise from actinic keratosis.2. Dermatologic System
SSRIs
Serotonin reuptake inhibition → GI upset, sexual dysfunction, serotonin syndrome, increased suicidality warning in youth.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Stable angina
Predictable exertional chest pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin; fixed coronary stenosis; no troponin rise.1. Cardiovascular System
Statins
HMG-CoA reductase inhibition → myopathy/rhabdomyolysis, transaminitis; monitor symptoms.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Status epilepticus
Seizure >5 min or recurrent; benzodiazepine first-line, then antiepileptic loading.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Steeple sign
Subglottic tracheal narrowing on AP neck film → croup.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
STEMI
Full-thickness ischemia with ST-segment elevation on ECG; requires emergent reperfusion (PCI preferred, or fibrinolytics).1. Cardiovascular System
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / TEN
Drug-induced mucocutaneous sloughing; Nikolsky sign; SJS <10%, TEN >30% BSA.2. Dermatologic System
STI screening
Chlamydia/gonorrhea in sexually active women <25; HIV at least once ages 15–65; syphilis in high-prevalence groups and thrice in pregnancy.18. Health Maintenance / Preventive Care
Straight-leg raise
Radicular pain → lumbar disc herniation/sciatica.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
String sign
Narrowed terminal ileum → Crohn disease (also pyloric stenosis on contrast).15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Study designs
RCT (highest internal validity) > cohort > case-control > case series; systematic review/meta-analysis synthesize evidence.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
"Worst headache of life"; aneurysm rupture.10. Neurologic System
Substance use disorders
Alcohol, opioids, stimulants; withdrawal syndromes.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Suicide risk assessment
Screen for ideation, plan, means, prior attempts.11. Psychiatry / Behavioral Science
Sulfonylureas
Stimulate insulin release → hypoglycemia, weight gain.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Surrogate decision-making
Substituted judgment based on patient's known wishes; then best-interest standard.20. Professional Practice / Medical Ethics
Syphilis
Treponema; painless chancre (primary), rash (secondary), gummas/neuro (tertiary).8. Infectious Diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multisystem autoimmune; malar rash, ANA, anti-dsDNA.9. Musculoskeletal System

T

Tension headache
Bilateral band-like pressure.10. Neurologic System
Tension pneumothorax
Tracheal deviation, absent breath sounds, hypotension; immediate needle decompression.21. Emergency / Acute Care
Testicular cancer
Painless testicular mass in young men.6. Genitourinary System
Testicular torsion
Acute scrotal pain, absent cremasteric reflex; surgical emergency.6. Genitourinary System
Thalassemia
Microcytic anemia with normal/high iron; abnormal hemoglobin chains.7. Hematologic System
Thiazide diuretics
Distal tubule Na/Cl inhibition → hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Third-degree (complete) AV block
AV dissociation; requires pacemaker.1. Cardiovascular System
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets; bleeding risk.7. Hematologic System
Thumbprint sign
Swollen epiglottis on lateral neck film → epiglottitis.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Thyroid nodule / cancer
Papillary most common; evaluate with US and FNA.3. Endocrine System
Thyroid storm
Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis; fever, tachycardia, altered mental status.3. Endocrine System
Tinea
Dermatophyte infection (corporis, pedis, cruris, capitis, unguium); KOH shows hyphae.2. Dermatologic System
Tinel sign / Phalen maneuver
Paresthesias with tapping/wrist flexion → carpal tunnel syndrome.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Tinnitus
Perceived ringing; often with hearing loss.4. Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
Torsades de pointes
Polymorphic VT with QT prolongation; treat with IV magnesium.1. Cardiovascular System
Toxidromes
Anticholinergic, cholinergic, sympathomimetic, opioid, sedative-hypnotic patterns guide antidotes (naloxone, atropine/pralidoxime, flumazenil).21. Emergency / Acute Care
Transient ischemic attack
Transient deficit without infarction.10. Neurologic System
Trigeminal neuralgia
Paroxysmal facial pain.10. Neurologic System
Troponin
Cardiac-specific biomarker of myocyte necrosis; rises 3–6 h after MI, peaks ~24 h.1. Cardiovascular System
TTP
Microangiopathic hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, fever, renal, neuro; ADAMTS13 deficiency.7. Hematologic System
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium; cough, night sweats, weight loss; RIPE therapy.8. Infectious Diseases
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune beta-cell destruction, insulin deficiency; DKA risk.3. Endocrine System
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance with relative deficiency; metformin first-line.3. Endocrine System
Type I vs. Type II error
False positive (α) vs. false negative (β); power = 1 − β.19. Diagnostic Reasoning / Biostatistics

U

Ulcerative colitis
Continuous mucosal inflammation from rectum; bloody diarrhea; toxic megacolon risk.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Urinary tract infection
Dysuria, frequency, urgency; E. coli most common.6. Genitourinary System
Urticaria
Transient pruritic wheals from mast cell histamine release.2. Dermatologic System
Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma)
Benign smooth muscle tumors; menorrhagia.14. Reproductive System

V

Vaccine schedule
Follow current-year ACIP/CDC childhood immunization schedule; know live-vaccine contraindications in immunocompromise/pregnancy.16. Pediatrics
Vaginitis
Bacterial vaginosis (clue cells), candidiasis, trichomoniasis.14. Reproductive System
Vancomycin
Cell wall inhibition → nephrotoxicity, "red man" infusion reaction; monitor trough/AUC.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Varicocele
"Bag of worms," left-sided; may affect fertility.6. Genitourinary System
Ventricular fibrillation
Disorganized ventricular activity, no pulse; treat with immediate defibrillation.1. Cardiovascular System
Ventricular tachycardia
Wide-complex regular tachycardia ≥3 beats; unstable → cardioversion.1. Cardiovascular System
Verruca (warts)
HPV-induced epidermal growths.2. Dermatologic System
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Macrocytic anemia, neuro symptoms; pernicious anemia.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets/osteomalacia.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
Vitiligo
Depigmented macules from melanocyte loss; autoimmune.2. Dermatologic System
Von Willebrand disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder; mucocutaneous bleeding.7. Hematologic System

W

Warfarin
Vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition → monitor INR; many interactions; teratogenic; reverse with vitamin K/PCC.17. Pharmacology / Therapeutics
Water-bottle heart
Enlarged globular cardiac silhouette → large pericardial effusion.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Water-hammer (Corrigan) pulse
Bounding pulse, wide pulse pressure → aortic regurgitation.15. Classic Signs, Eponyms & Physical Exam Maneuvers
Wolff-Parkinson-White
Accessory pathway (delta wave, short PR); risk of tachyarrhythmias.1. Cardiovascular System

Z

Zenker diverticulum
Pharyngoesophageal pouch; dysphagia, regurgitation, halitosis.5. Gastrointestinal System / Nutrition
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